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Mode of transport
Mode of transport (or means of transport or types of transport or transport modality or form of transport) is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform transport. The most dominant modes of transport are aviation, ship transport, and land transport, which includes rail, road and off-road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for the movement of people, animals, and other things.
Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Each mode also has separate subsystems. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part. All modes of transportation have 6 subsystems: Propulsion, Suspension, Control, Guidance, Structural, and Support. Transport using more than one mode is described as intermodal. Transportation that carries around many people and can be used by the public is known as Mass Transportation.
==Air==
A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air flight vehicle, in which the special geometry of the wing generates lift. A gyroplane is both a fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. For short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be practical.〔Cooper ''et al.'', 1998: 281〕
Air transport is the second fastest method of transport, after space travel. Commercial jets reach speeds of up to and a considerably higher ground speed if there is a jet stream tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach up to . This celerity comes with higher cost and energy use,〔(Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US ). ''The Guardian.'' April 28, 2009.〕 and aviation's impacts to the environment and particularly the global climate require consideration when comparing modes of transportation.〔(''The Future of Air Transport White Paper'' (2009), HMSO ) "The aviation industry is encouraged to take account of, and where appropriate reduce, its contribution to global warming...The impact of aviation on climate change is increased over that of direct CO2 emissions alone by some of the other emissions released and their specific effects at altitude".〕 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates a commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the same CO2 emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing effects at the higher altitude.〔(IPCC, ''Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' (2000), Cambridge University Press )〕 U.S. airlines alone burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months between October 2013 and September 2014.〔(Why airfare keeps rising despite lower oil prices ), by Scott Mayerowitz, Assoc. Press Airlines Writer. Houston Chron., November 17, 2014.〕 WHO estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.〔 The global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers,〔Cohen S., Higham J., Cavaliere C. (2011). (Binge flying: Behavioural addiction and climate change ). Annals of Tourism Research.〕〔Cohen S.A., Higham J.E. (2011). (Eyes wide shut? UK consumer perceptions on aviation climate impacts and travel decisions to New Zealand ). Current Issues in Tourism. 14:4:pp.323-335.〕〔Anderson K, Bows A (2008). Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (366:1882, p.3863-3882). ''()''〕 the press,〔Jenkins S. (2009). (Hypermobility is now the opium of the people, an obsession that wrecks communities and planet ). The Guardian. 22 Dec. 2009.〕〔Rosenthal E. (2010). (Can we kick our addiction to flying? ) Guardian, UK. 24 May 2010.〕 and the World Wide Web.〔Internet search for (travel addiction ).〕 The issue of impacts from frequent travel, particularly by air because of the longer distances that are easily covered in one or a few days, is called hypermobility and has been a topic of research and governmental concern for many years.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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